Jose de San Martin Essay

In Argentina war of independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Jose de San Martin against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an congregation met in San Miguel de Tucuman, declared full independence with provisions for a home(a) constitution. Chile This war of independence was an armed conflict among the masses of Chile and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 10, 1810 and extended until 1821.A declaration of independence was officially issued by Chile on February 12,1818 and formally recognized by Spain in 1840, when full diplomatic relations ( conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states) were established. Peru The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula should have led to a degradation of royal power, but since nearby Upper Peru was under the snipe of armies from Buenos Aires, the Peruvian oligarchs support the royalist cause. Fear of indigenous tumult to a fault remained from t he 1780-1781 revolt that was headed by Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru Condorcanqui.Finally, the viceroys of Peru traditionally had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial message interests of Buenos Aires and Chile. Therefore, the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America. Nevertheless, a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huanuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816. Both were suppressed. These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires. Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of Jose de San Martin (18201823) and Simon Bolivar (1824).While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign, a newly built Chilean navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a ocean campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific. San Martin, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the difference of opinion of Maipu, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820, proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821. Four days later, the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho. by and by independence, the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos, do the organization of the country excessively difficult. Only three civiliansManuel Pardo, Nicolas de Pierola and Francisco Garcia Calderonacceded to the presidency in the first seventy-five years of Perus independence. The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru. In 1837 a Peru-Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention